Cellular and Mobile Communications Technology

Cellular and Mobile Communications Technology LUCAS A. EPPARD HISTORY OF GSM At the 1982 Conference of European Post and Telecommunications (CEPT), the standardization body, Groupe Speciale Mobile, was created to start work on a single European standard. The name of this standard was later changed to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). GSM is a wide area wireless communications system that uses digital radio transmission to provide voice, data, and multimedia communication services.[1] A GSM system manages the communication between mobile telephones, radio towers, and interconnecting switching systems. The development of the GSM specification began later that year, with the first commercial GSM system later being deployed in 1991. By 2004, there were over a billion GSM subscribers in more than 205 countries and territories across the globe.[2] Before the GSM system was implemented, most countries used cellular systems that were often in conflict with each other. Most mobile telephones could only function on their specific cellular network, and as a result many customers could not travel to neighboring countries and still expect service. With various types of systems only serving exclusive groups of people, the large-scale production necessary to manufacture low-cost subscriber equipment was not practical. This resulted in high equipment costs and systems were not very successful in the open market. In 1990, the first phase of GSM specifications was finalized. This included basic voice and data services.[3] Around the same time, the initial efforts were made to modify the GSM specification to offer service at the 1800 MHz frequency range. DCS 1800, which the standard is now known as, is used for the Personal Communications Network (PCN).[4] Since that time, Phase 2 of the GSM and DCS 1800 specifications has been completed. In this phase, enhanced data transfer capabilities and advanced short messages services were added. [5] GSM RADIO â€Å"GSM radio is a wireless communication system that divides geographic areas into small radio areas (cells) that are interconnected with each other.†[6] Each of the coverage areas has one or more transmitters and receivers that converse with cellular handsets in its designated area. GSM radio systems function in a particular frequency band or bands that have been assigned to the system. Depending on the frequency plan, system administrators may choose to recycle specific radio channels at different cell sites. Through a combination of either TDMA or FDMA, subscribers share each radio channel. A GSM radio channel is 200 kHz wide and is further divided into frames that are made up of eight time slots. Each cell site may contain several channels which are shared by as many as 8 to 16 voice users per radio channel. TDMA Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a method of sharing one radio channel through the division of time slots which are then subsequently allocated among multiple users of that radio channel.[7] A mobile radio is assigned a particular time and position on a channel when it communicates with a TDMA system. Through this process, it is possible for a TDMA system to allow multiple users to operate on a single radio channel through the use of separate time slots. TDMA systems therefore amplify their capacity to serve several users with a limited number of radio channels. GSM employs time division multiplexing (TDM) to distribute one modulated carrier frequency radio waveform between 16 half rate or 8 full rate phone calls.[8] Because of this, a clear distinction is often made between a communication channel and a radio carrier in many publications pertaining to GSM. DUPLEX CHANNELS Duplex communication is the transmission of voice and/or data signals that allows simultaneous 2-way communication.[9] In order for duplex communication to occur on analog systems, a separate voice path must be assigned to both a transmitter and frequency. This method of using two frequencies for duplex communication is called frequency division duplex (FDD).[10] Time division duplex (TDD) is another technique that can be used for duplex communication. Time sharing allows two devices to achieve two way communications through TDD. Similar to how a walkie-talkie works; one device transmits while another receives. Once the original transmission is complete, the second device becomes the transmitter while the first becomes the receiver. This process then constantly repeats itself so that the data seems to flow in both directions instantaneously. The GSM system utilizes both FDD and TDD communication. One frequency is used while the handset communicates with the cell tower, while the reverse communication from the tower to the handset uses the other frequency.[11] However, TDD is also used in the GSM system while the transmitter and receiver talk at different times. This time offset between the transmission and reception also helps to streamline the design of the handset. The radio frequency separation between the forward (downlink) and reverse (uplink) frequencies differs between the frequency bands. As a general rule, the separation must be greater between the forward and reverse channels at the higher frequencies. For instance, the frequency separation in the GSM 900MHz system is 45 MHz while the separation is 95 MHz for PCN. Finally, the GSM PCS 1900 MHz system has a frequency separation of 80 MHz.[12] VOICE SERVICES Voice service is a form of communication service in which multiple users can transmit information over the voice frequency band via a communication network.[13] Voice service consists of the initiation of sessions between at least two users which allows for the real time, or near real time, transmission of voice signals between those users. A GSM network delivers numerous types of digital voice services. A number of factors can affect the quality of voice service on a GSM system. However, through the use of several distinct forms of speech compression a GSM system can dynamically adjust the voice quality.[14] Each service provider has the ability to choose and manage which speed compression process (voice coding) their network utilizes. Service providers can increase the amount of users that they provide service to through the use of voice coders that possess higher speech compression rates. However, this comes at the cost of delivering a more degraded signal to each user. Besides ba sic voice services, the GSM system can also provide both group and broadcast voice services. DATA SERVICES A data service is a communication service that transmits information between two or more devices. By means of a communication network, data services can be delivered either inside or outside of the audio frequency band. Data service consists of the creation of physical and logical communication sessions between two or more users. This allows for the non-real time or near-real time transfer of data type signals between users.[15] However, a data modem has to be used in the event that a signal is broadcast on a non-digital channel. The data modem is needed to translate the signal into tones that can be sent in the audio frequency band. GSM voice traffic channels cannot send or receive analog modem data because the speech coder utilized by the system is only capable of compressing voice signals.[16] Medium speed packet data and low-speed circuit switched data are the two services provided in a GSM system. Circuit switched data is a communication process that maintains a committed communications path between two devices.[17] This can be accomplished no matter the amount of data being sent between the devices. This provides sole use of the circuit to the communications equipment employing it regardless of whether or not the circuit is idle. In order to create a circuit-switched data connection, the address must be sent before a connection path is established. Once this occurs, data is continually transmitted usin g this path until it is disconnected by request from either the sender or receiver.[18] Packet switched data service is the other utilized by a GSM system. Through the division of data into small packets, information can be transferred between two points. In order to reconstruct the original data, the packets are routed through the network and recombined at the receiving end. This can be achieved because the destination address is contained within each individual packet. So no matter which route the packets take through the network they will end up at the same destination. The GSM system uses general packet radio service (GPRS) to provide its packet data service. In using the GPRS system, new gateways and packet control channels are added to a GSM system. It is important to note that GPRS is a type of packet-switched data service that is known as â€Å"always-on.† This means that when a device is turned on it acquires an IP address that it needs in order to communicate with the network.[19] CDMA Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a digital cellular radio system currently in use in more than 35 countries around the world.[20] It is a form of spread spectrum communications in which a radio signal is transmitted over a dedicated channel as a much wider signal than is traditionally necessary. By using a signal with a wider than normal bandwidth, interference from other users on the same section of bandwidth is minimized. This permits several users to share the radio channel at the same time. Come in two basic forms: frequency hopping and code division.[21] Frequency hopping multiple access (FHMA) is an access technology in which mobile radios or cellular handsets share radio channels by breaking their transmissions down into short bursts over a number of frequencies. A device transmits for a short period of time on one frequency, and then hops to another radio frequency to continue its transmission. CDMA allows a number of users to share a single radio channel frequency simultaneously by designating a unique code sequence to each mobile radio. By assigning a particular hop pattern to each mobile device collisions can be minimized. Even if collisions do occur randomly only a small amount of data may be lost. Furthermore, error detection and correction methods can be implemented in order to fix the data that was lost.[22] Compared to previous narrowband wireless systems, CDMA technology is a wideband spread spectrum system. It is important to note that the features, services and requirements for CDMA were developed by standards organizations using many pre-existing technologies. For this reason, CDMA is considered a second generation (2G) cellular system. HISTORY OF CDMA The growth of CDMA technology began in the United States in 1989 as a result of the CTIA next cellular generation technology requirements.[23] In September of the previous year the Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA) presented the User Performance Requirements (UPR) for the next generation of wireless service. In 1989 the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) designated TDMA as the radio interface standard. Later that year QUALCOMM was able to build a CDMA system that met the CTIA requirements. This was achieved largely through the support of mobile telephone manufacturers and carriers, as well as new infrastructure equipment.[24] QUALCOMM and its associates presented the results of their field trials at the end of 1991. This pushed the CTIA Board of Directors to implement a resolution which requested TIA to structurally organize new developments from wideband systems. By mid-1993 TIA had voted on and accepted IS-95 as the CDMA air interface standard radio specifications. The systems which were based on the IS-95 standard became known as cdmaOne systems.[25] In 1995 the first commercial CDMA network was implemented in Hong Kong. CDMA RADIO CDMA is the fasted growing technology in wireless communications. A CDMA network consists of the same basic components as other wireless systems. This includes a mobile station, base station, a controller, and finally a switching network. In CDMA, a carrier frequency is separated into 64 individual channels through the use of codes. Each channel transmits the data associated with a separate and unique conversation in digitally coded form.[26] In some cases an independently coded channel transmits signals related to the start of a connection. In spread spectrum systems like CDMA, one carrier holds multiple channels. This can sometimes lead to confusion when discussing CDMA with someone who is familiar with the older analog frequency division multiplex (FDM) systems. With older FDM systems a channel is synonymous with a carrier. Therefore each pair of carrier frequencies was able to carry only one conversation.[27] All CDMA networks use a specific radio frequency band for signals from the base transmitter to the mobile receiver and a second distinct radio frequency band for the signals from the mobile transmitter to the base receiver.[28] CDMA technology can be used in either the existing 800 MHz cellular frequency band or the 1900 MHz personal communications service (PCS) band. CDMA has the ability to function in the same radio spectrum allocation as older cellular systems when it is being used on those networks. The mobile station transmit frequency band is between 824-849 MHz, while the base station transmit frequency ranges from 869-894 MHz.[29] When in use in the 800 MHz band, CDMA maintains a 45 MHz separation between the forward and reverse channels. Some radio carrier frequencies are defined for CDMA use in its cellular network. However, not all of these frequencies are used for CDMA transmission. This is because the FCC requires that analog radio transmission (AMPS) continue to operate . CDMA operation is also compliant with the frequency structure of the PCS band. The separation of the forward and reverse channels is 80 MHz while operating on this band. The mobile station transmit frequency band is between 1850-1909 MHz; while the base station transmit frequency band ranges from 1930-1989 MHz.[30] Some CDMA systems operate in the Personal Communications System (PCS) frequency bands. PCS is mostly found in North America on the 1900 MHz frequency band, where it is known as PCS-1900. Due to the commonality of the base band signals, some manufacturers make dual band CDMA handsets that are capable of operating on both the 800 MHz and 1900 MHz bands.[31] If a subscriber’s handset is manufactured to allow dual frequency band operation it is possible to obtain service on either or both systems. However, this can only be achieved if the CDMA networks in the region are properly linked. As CDMA moved further towards a third generation technology, the CDMA2000 arose as t he next level of the IS-95 standard. 3G TECHNOLOGIES The term first generation system (1G) is most commonly used in regards to older analog cellular systems. These analog systems eventually gave way to the newer digital second generation systems (2G) that are popular today. 2G systems in use today include the GSM and cdmaOne systems previously mentioned in this paper as well as the US-TDMA and PDC systems.[32] These systems allowed voice communications to go wireless in most of the industrialized world and have drastically increased mobile handset functions. Subscribers have come to expect their cellular networks to provide them with text messaging and data access capabilities. In the United States it is almost unheard of now for a network provider to not offer data services in excess of 500 MB if not at least 1GB per month. The abundance of 2G technologies spurred the demand for even greater services. At the 1992 World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC) of the ITU (International Telecommunications Union), member nation delegates began to investigate the frequencies that would be available for future expansion of 3G systems.[33] The International Mobile Telecommunications System 2000 (IMT-2000) was created as a result of this meeting. It is important to note that IMT-2000 is often used interchangeably with Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). UMTS defined a wireless communication system that operates in the 2GHz frequency band.[34] The primary objective of IMT-2000 standard was the development of a single universal air interface that was built upon pre-existing infrastructure. This would help to keep start-up costs low and potentially allow international roaming. The Third Generation Partnership Program (3GPP) was created to coordinate this process. It became evident early on that a single air interface would be nearly impossible to attain so a second committee was formed to oversee the process of bringing other air interfaces up to the IMT-2000 standard. A second partnership program was established to ensure this would occur and the 3GPP2 was born. The two partnership programs are essentially drawn along the fault lines of GSM and CDMA. UMTS, which is often used synonymously with Wideband CDMA or WCDMA, has become the standard for GSM 3G technologies and falls under the umbrella of 3GPP1. The 3GPP2 on the other hand focuses on the CDMA2000 standard.[35] BIBLIOGRAPHY Arokiamary, V. J. (2009). Cellular and Mobile Communications. Pune, India: Technical Publications Pune. Balston. D.M. and Macario, R.V. (1993). Cellular Radio Systems. Norwood, Massachusetts: Artech House. Gibson, J. (ed) (1999). The Mobile Communications Handbook, 2nd ed. Dallas, Texas: CRC Press LLC. Haddon, L. and Green N. (2009). Mobile Communications: An Introduction to New Media. New York: Berg. Harte, L. et.al. (1999). CDMA IS-95 for Cellular and PCS : Technology, Economics and Services. New York: McRaw-Hill. Holma, Harri, and Antti Toskala (eds). (2002) WCDMA for UMTS: Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications, 2nd ed. John Wiley Sons. Holtzman, J. M. and Zorzi, M. (2002). Advances in Wireless Communications. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Lee, W. C. Y. (2006) Wireless and Cellular Telecommunications, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw Hill Professional. Mouly, M. and Pautet, M. (1992). The GSM System for Mobile Communications. Palaiseau, France: Telecom Publishing . Poole, I. (2006). Cellular Communications Explained: From Basics to 3G. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd. Shing-Fong Su. (2007). The UMTS Air-Interface in RF Engineering: Design and Operation of UMTS Networks. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.

Banana candle wax Essay

Abstract The researcher conducts this study due to economic crisis nowadays. Its aim is to create a product of floor wax which is cheaper and could give the same quality which the commercial one could give. In this modern age, floor polishes were made from synthetic materials. We decided to put back the floor polish of the old days that was made from natural materials. We choose banana peelings as component of the polish. But first, we must find out if the product was an effective as commercial polish and if it can be used for different surfaces so the researcher conducted an experiment. We scraped the inner portion of banana peelings and boiled for four hours, extracted the and blended to obtain a smooth gel. We therefore concluded that the Floor Polish Made from Banana peelings was effective as commercial polishes. The product did not contain harmful chemicals so it was environmental friendly, safer and cheaper. This step was made by the researcher to make a floor wax out of banana peel: first, we mix 2 candle wax then it was melted in a low fire. While still hot, add 1 teaspoon of oil. After mixing, add the banana peels, Stir it and leave it after 3min.then strain and pour in a container. Introduction and its background As of now, our country is facing a great crisis in economy. The researcher found out that in school, they required using of floor wax (commercial) to prevent the floor shiny. Even in the houses, floor wax is being use. So, the researcher decided to make a floor wax which is very affordable and can give an equal quality as the commercial can. Statement of the problem a)Can banana be an alternative source in making a floor wax? Formulation of the Hypothesis a) Banana can’t be an alternative source in making a floor wax. b)Banana can be an alternative source in making a floor wax. Significant of the study This study can give benefits to the people especially to the poor once, to have a good business and also to save money for their other needs. Especially in schools, it will give a benefit to the students as well as their parents to save money. It is also easy and enjoyable to do. Scope and limitation This study is only limited for the investigation of banana (Musa paradisiaca) used as alternative source for floor wax making. The researcher chose this study for further investigation if the banana can be an effective source for floor wax. 8.) Definition of terms a) Banana – a tropical fruit b) Floor wax – a substance used for shining floors. 9. Related Studies BANANA is the common name for a fruit and also the herbaceous plants of the genus Musa which produce the commonly eaten fruit. They are native to the tropical region of Southeast Asia and Australia. Today, they are cultivated throughout the tropics. Banana plants are of the family Musaceae. They are cultivated primarily for their fruit, and to a lesser extent for the production of fibre and as ornamental plants. As the bananas are mainly tall, upright, and fairly sturdy, they are often mistaken for trees, when the truth is the main or upright stem is called a pseudostem, literally meaning â€Å"fake stem†, which for some species can obtain a height of up to 2–8 m, with leaves of up to 3.5 m in length. Each pseudostem would produce a bunch of yellow, green, or even red bananas before dying and being replaced by another pseudostem. Banana leaves are widely used as plates and for lining cooking pits and for wrapping food for cooking or storage. A section of leaf often serves as an eye-shade. In Latin America, it is a common practice during rains to hold a banana leaf by the petiole, upside-down, over one’s back as an â€Å"umbrella† or â€Å"raincoat†. The leaves of the ‘Fehi’  banana are used for thatching, packing, and cigarette wrappers. 10.) Materials †¢Banana peelings †¢Wax Crystals †¢Technical Dye (if desire) †¢ Container †¢Kerosene 11.) Procedure 1.)candle wax. 2.) Melt the materials in a low fire. 3.) While still hot add technical dye (desired color). Stir the mixture. 4.) Add small amount of oil. 5.) Add the Banana peel. 6.) Pour in a desired mold or container and allow it to harden. 12.) Presentation of data analysis & interpretation 13.) Results As the researcher conduct this study, the researcher found out the following: SUBJECT # BANANA FLOOR WAX COMMERCIAL 1 Shine more shine 2 more shine shine 3 Shine more shine Based on the ff. data, the researcher made a better study related to this project and found out that banana floor wax could give also almost the same quality which the commercial one could give. 14.) Summary Floor waxing is essential to maintain the shiny gloss of wooden floors. However, if you find buying ready-made floor wax prohibitively expensive, it’s possible to mix candle wax and oil with banana peels to create a substance suitable for use polishing your wooden floors. This home-made floor wax will give a comparable shine and smoothness to that of commercial  products, and the oil counteracts the banana peels stickiness to ensure the finished sheen isn’t tacky. 15.) Conclusions Therefore we conclude that the banana Floor wax is attractive, effective and easy to do. The researcher therefore concluded that banana floor wax could be used as an alternative source of commercial one. 16.) Recommendation The researcher would highly recommend that we could use banana floor wax instead of busy commercial floor wax in the market because it’s cheaper and fits in our budget.

Operations Management at McDonalds - 2472 Words

Operations Management at McDonalds: McDonalds Corporation is renowned across the globe as the leading and largest chain of fast-food restaurants. Since its inception in the 1940s by siblings Mac and Dick McDonald, the firm has continued to grow and develop to its current state. The corporation has adopted a number of operations that are linked to its overall strategy in all its restaurants across the globe. One of the major factors that have contributed to its success in the global fast foods industry is quality management. McDonalds employs computerized information systems and stringent corporate quality standards to maintain quality across all its restaurants. The overall goal of the firm is to make its customers happy, which helps the firm to promote and maintain its viability in the increasingly competitive market. The corporations entire business processes and operations management basically revolve around its overall goal of making customers happy. History and Background of McDonalds: As previously mentioned, McDonalds Corporation has a long history that stretches back to the 1940s when it was founded by the McDonald brothers. In 1948, Dick and Mac McDonald opened their burger stand in San Bernardino, California. McDonalds grew rapidly and swiftly under the guidance of Ray Kroc, a milkshake-mixer salesman amazed by the success of the restaurant (James, 2009). The rapid and swift growth of the firm in its initial years was evident in the fact that it hadShow MoreRelatedMcdonalds Production and Operations Management1038 Words   |  5 PagesMcdonald’s Use of Teams in Production and Operations Management Introduction Strategies are important for all businesses, regardless of the products or services that they offer. Through strategic management and operations, companies are able to integrate new and effective means of running their respective businesses. In turn, these strategies results in an increased profit of sales, stable market position and greater levels of customer loyalty. In the fast food industry, businesses such asRead MoreOperation Management and Productivity at McDonalds1004 Words   |  4 Pagesthe effective management of operations in any given firm cannot be overstated. In basic terms, operations management can be said to be that process in which inputs are transformed into outputs in an efficient way with an aim of satisfying consumers. With that in mind, operations management as a management function can be said to be the core of any given business. In this text, I concern myself with the nature of operations management and productivity with a special emphasis on McDonalds Cor porationRead MoreMcDonalds Production and Operations Management902 Words   |  4 PagesMcDonalds Production or Operations Management: Total Quality Management (TQM) is a combination of fourteen principles that were developed by Dr. W. 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There were no local suppliers growing iceberg lettuces, the company worked with some supplier to create a year round supply, aiding with seeds, equipment and relevant agricultural knowledge. The tier 2 suppliers originate the inputsRead MoreEssay about Operations Management: McDonalds Competitive Advantage3016 Words   |  13 PagesAbout McDonald’s 4 Process of McDonalds 4 Operations management 5 Operations managers 5 Operation strategy of McDonald’s 5 Pricing strategies of McDonalds 6 Innovation at McDonalds to improve operations and services 7 Inventory management 8 The Just-in-Time (JIT) Approach 9 Just- in-Time (JIT) Approach in McDonald’s 9 Advantages and benefits of JIT approach 10 Capacity management 11 Capacity strategies 11 McDonalds capacity strategy 11 Quality management 12 Quality management strategiesRead MoreOperations Management: Improving McDonalds Burger Assembly Process786 Words   |  3 Pagesand shopping task through to the management of a sports team and the stages by which academic work is managed. 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Personal Statement Professional Identity - 808 Words

Using examples relevant to your discipline, define professional identity as it relates to health and human services delivery and discuss and consider how industry, professional and quality agencies guide the provision of safe and effective patient or client care in your discipline. Nursing is one of the most intimate health care professions. They are connected to their patients as soon as they are admitted into their care right through until they are discharged into someone else’s care. With this, nurses have a strict professional identity and scope of practice to prevent a nurse from over stepping their professional boundaries. A nurses’ duty of care does go beyond the average healthcare professional but still does not impair the†¦show more content†¦In this article Holland used external references from P Muskin’s Clinical guide to Countertransference: Current Psychiatry article published in 2009 as a means of comparing the practical way of handling a person in a time of grief compared to the unnamed Louisianan nurse who had over step many boundaries. Holland had conducted interviews and many colleagues of the nurse who said she had â€Å"acted in a completely unprofessional manner† and â€Å"should have realised the bound aries† and that she is â€Å"now a warning for young nurses beginning their practice†. Although her actions may have been innocent her morals and beliefs overtook her professional identity when consulting and supporting the family and friends of the patient, she disagreed with the doctor in charge of the case and went around the hospital staff to the family to change their minds to what she believed would make the best outcome for the patient. Holland’s example show how a nurses’ morals and belief can become impaired when they become to close or disagree with a diagnosis or outcome. Standards, code of ethics, scope of practice and guidelines are the most helpful tools for a nurse to remain professional towards the patients and/or clients. The purpose of a code of ethics for nurses isShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement On Professional Identity Development Survey1868 Words   |  8 Pagesway to start the process of learning about the areas one has to improve on. This paper will discuss my personal values, and how my values and feelings influence my attitudes and behaviors. 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There are three mainRead MoreEthical Theory Of Deontology And Teleology1701 Words   |  7 Pagesright to privacy and confidentiality of their personal information.† In nursing, maintaining privacy and confidentiality entails ensuing patient’s medical, social and demographic information (including sexual identity) are kept safe from disclosure to anyone unrelated to providing healthcare to the patient (Price, 2015; Office of Australian Information Commissioner (OAIC), 2014; Johnstone, 2016). Statement 5 of the code of conduct for nurses and statement 7 of the code of ethics emphasises on the importance

Analyzing Communication And Access For Private Data

Mass surveillance Concrete evidence floats to the surface; a hope emerges from cloud of despair. Yet, the evidence is meaningless and hope gets electrocuted by the ionic discharge of the clouds. Edward Snowden leaked information about the mass surveillance by the National Security Agency on 2013. Two years later the surveillance still continues and Snowden is a refuge in Russia. Billions of emails, messages, searches, VOIP etc. still get scrutinized by NSA today. Every Second, NSA selects 100 Gigabytes of data for review. Mass surveillance seemed like a reasonable solution after the terrorist attack of September 11. Analyzing communication and access to private data would put the intelligence agencies at a vantage point, but today, the solution has itself become a problem. Givens stated that â€Å"After a terrorist attack, creating laws quickly to contend with terrorism is reasonable and appropriate. It is equally reasonable and appropriate, however, to build hedges into those laws to guard against unsound initial judgments or assumptions†() The lawmakers failed to build the ‘hedge’ and we now have an uncontrolled surveillance â€Å"If you want to keep a secret, you must also hide it from yourself†(Orwell 283). Although that quote may have sounded hyperbolic when it was first written, today it seems as if the dystopian novel had the right idea after all. Privacy is a luxury and the vast majority of population is tooShow MoreRelatedSetting Up Sophos: Site-to-Site Access VPN1413 Words   |  6 PagesComputer Studies De La Salle University Network Security and Administration (SECADMN) 3.1 Virtual Private Network (Site to Site) Laboratory Report Group 1 Mechanics Fadrilan, Paul Jovie R. Data Presentation Magat, Rodolfo M. Analysis Conclusion References Submission Time Introduction In a business or an organization, communication is very important especially for long distance or remote places. When a business or an organization growsRead MoreAn Emerging Class Of Non Relational Database Management System Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pagesnon-relational database, used to handle Big Data, it stands for Not Only SQL which solve the problem of processing unstructured data, considering that this non-relational database does not use a schema, and does not relay on the table/key model used in RDBMSs (Relational DataBase Management System). NOSQL have the following characteristic: †¢ Scalability: the competence to store data across multiple data stores simultaneously, moreover enlarge and decrease the size of data stores in response to the need. AllRead Morenetwork consultation proposal Essay1636 Words   |  7 Pagesnetwork devices such as printers which exchange data, and are located under one roof. 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The server then communicates back to the IPRead MoreThe Value of Digital Privacy in the Information Technology Age1283 Words   |  5 Pagescapturing, analyzing, categorizing and using personal data that had been highly protected in the past for purposes of securing nations (Ottensmeyer, Heroux, 1991). Correspondingly, there has never been a time when every aspect of life in an organization is monitored, from personal computer and telephone use to the use of personal Wi-Fi and networking devices (Riedy, Wen, 2010). The first section of this analysis is to analyze three technologies that allow individuals to research other citizens data andRead MoreChallenges Faced By Big Data945 Words   |à ‚  4 PagesChallenges Although the opportunities for Big Data in auditing are plentiful, there are also challenges that arise. One of the biggest challenges for Big Data is how it may affect the quality of auditors’ judgements. 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It is very sensitive and includes conceptual, technical as well as legal significance. Any collected information about a person, when combined with other sets of data, can lead to the finding of persons secret and private information. â€Å" As big data expands the sources of data it can use, the trustworthiness of each data source needs to be verified, and techniquesRead MoreThe Core Layers Of Defense1237 Words   |  5 PagesInternet of Things is a new technology that delivers communication among billions of smart devices via the Internet such as a smart car, vending machine, smart house, health system and business system, et cetera. Nearly 50 billion devices and sensors will be connected to the Internet by 2020 and most of them will perform their duties without having security. In addition, the critical missions of a massive interconnected device are security and interoperability. Hackers will use more complex tools

The Rise of Autism Free Essays

â€Å"In February 2007 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention revised the prevalence figures for ASD to one in every 150 individuals† (Richard, 2008, p. 26). There are many theories for this increased incidence. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise of Autism or any similar topic only for you Order Now One factor discussed is the ability to finally fully diagnose the disorder. Since the increased awareness of autism, scientists have been busy researching and modifying the diagnostic criteria for autism. Correctly diagnosing is a very important step in helping children improve skills that are affected by autism. The other factors discussed are the general developmental disorders that take place during early childhood. There are many possible factors, such as vaccinations and genetics, that have led to the rise of autism and because of this rise funding for autism research has increased tremendously, as has the cost of treatments. Autism used to be a low incidence disorder now it is one of the fastest growing developmental disabilities in the United States. There is still not one explanation for this sudden change in history, but scientists are getting closer and closer to the answer everyday. Since scientists have discovered a diagnosis for autism, they have been able to better understand autism and the possible causes for its existence. Proper diagnosis has been a huge factor in the rise of autism, but that still doesn’t mean the cause of autism is not important. There is a reason for this rise and finding the cause is the only way scientists are going to be able to prevent this increased incidence from growing in the future. One possible factor that scientists are researching is environmental toxins. Evironmental toxins have been a long suspect for the cause of autism. There are many ways that children can be exposed to these toxins. Children could be exposed even before birth, during excessive ultrasounds and even electronic devices. One scientist conducted a study on the drug terbutaline, a drug used to stop pre-term labor in pregnant woman. He found a direct correlation in the continued use of terbutaline and the increased likelihood of autism among twins (Patel Curtis, 2008, p. 83). This is just one study that has been proven to show a link between environmental toxins and autism. Mercury is another issue that has been researched. Mercury has been put in the air through coal-fired power plants, as well in vaccines. Mercury and other chemicals have been shown to alter the normal development of the brain during fetal development in the womb and during early childhood development (Kirby, 2005). Findings have indicated that many children have a metabolic impairment that reduces their ability to rid their bodies of heavy metals and other toxins (Wallis, 2008). This suggests that there is some link between the two, environmental toxins and autism, even if toxins are not the sole cause of the disorder. Another possible factor is nutritional problems among autistic children. Autistic children have significantly low levels of nutrients in the hair, blood and other tissues. Along with the lack of nutrients, they usually have low levels of magnesium, zinc, selenium, vitamins A, B-complex, D and E, omega-3 fatty acids, and carnitine (Patel Curtis, 2008, p. 82). Therefore, this proves that nutritional deficiencies is a common problem among autistic children and may link scientists to a possible cause. Another issue scientists have found in autistic children deals with the allergies towards gluten and casein. Gluten is a protein found in wheat and other grains and casein is a protein found in dairy products. Scientists have found that children who have allergies to gluten and casein experience odd behaviors. If an autistic child would eat either of these two substances it would send them into hours of disturbing behaviors (Simontacchi, 2008, p. 10). Scientists have found because of this study that children that are a gluten-free and casein-free diet, they do not experience as many tantrum behaviors. This also helps support the fact that nutritional problems can cause autism. The last possible factor discussed is the possibility of genetics and its connection to autism. Most scientists believe that genetics is one of the major causes for autism. There are many findings that have led scientists to believe this is true and one of these is simply because this disorder has been known to run in families. Studies have shown that if one child is autistic, his or her sibling has a three to six percent chance of being autistic as well. Identical twins have a much greater probability of being autistic than fraternal twins (Merriman, 2008, p. 8). This is more than enough evidence to show that there is a connection between genetics and autism. Scientists have also discovered a variety of genes that have showed signs that link to autism. Scientists are still not positive which gene has more of a connection with autism, but they definitely have found a relation between the two. One of the areas that researchers in the Autism Consortium have identified is the 25-gene area on chromosome 16 that when duplicated or deleted could account for a small percentage of autism cases (Merriman, 2008, p. 18). Scientists have uncovered a lot of new evidence to support the connection between autism and genetics. The rise in autism has increased funds for autism research tremendously. Since scientists have been able to fully diagnose autism, government involvement has grown immensely. There have been many new foundations introduced to help research for autism. One of the many include The Autism Research Foundation, which is a nonprofit, tax-exempt organization dedicated to researching the neurological underpinnings of autism and other related developmental brain disorders (Chmura, 2008). The Autism Research Foundation has a big impact on the future for autism research. A recent news release in April 2008 stated that, â€Å"The FY08 Defense Appropriations Act provides $6. 4 million for the Department of Defense Autism Research Program to improve the lives of individuals living with autism spectrum disorder now† (Chmura, 2008). This contribution has been an enormous help in the funding for autism research. The rise of autism has also caused an increase in cost for the families of the autistic children. Families of the autistic child spend thousands of dollars on treatment. Most of this money families spend is just trying to find the right treatment for their child because not all treatments work for the same for every child. New technology has also been a factor in the increased cost for autism treatments. Not only is the cost of the treatments expensive so is the cost of screening and diagnosis. Many groups have started grant programs to assist those families with an autistic child who are in financial crisis. One of these grants is brought by the National Autism Association. Families who live in the United States with a child, no older than age eighteen, on the autism spectrum may qualify for the grant. The maximum dollar amount one can request is $1,500. This money is to only be used for biomedical treatments, supplements or therapies for the child (â€Å"CDC study†, 2007, p. 6). These grant programs will be a huge help for families who are struggling to pay for these expensive treatments and screening tests. Scientists are still in the process of finding the exact cause of autism. One day scientists may finally be able to find a cure and put an end to this rise of autism children. Knowledge of autism has come a long way since the first diagnosis of autism and hopefully that trend continues into the future. Diagnosis has been a very important part in helping autistic children improve their skills as well as helping scientists better understand autism altogether. Now scientists have a lead in the possible factors like environmental toxins, nutrition, and genetics. Once the pieces are put together, scientists will finally be able to control and hopefully put an end to the rise of autism among children in the United States. Reference http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1821595,00.html How to cite The Rise of Autism, Essay examples

International Marketing for Australian Trade - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInternational Marketing for Australian Trade Commission. Answer: Introduction It is observed that exporting could help to make the business more advantageous by launching the products and services to new customers. It helps the organization to increase the ability to compete in the domestic environment with the experience gained in the foreign market. Tasmanian organizations that have proven their readiness of exporting could be able to derive assistance from Tasmanian Government as well as Australian Trade Commission to minimize the time, cost and risks associated with enhancing the export markets. However, the exporting industries in the recent time have faced some challenges due to regulations, the demand and supply of products and economies and other marketing elements. This report effectively discusses those changes the exporting practices and the issues that organizations in exporting sector face. The report critically analyses the present business performance and the ability of Tasmanias export. The effectiveness of Tasmanias international marketing has been discussed with influential factors. Context and issues Evaluating the current business performance and capability of Tasmanias exports As put forward by Day 2(011), a thriving sector is central to ensure a developed a strong economic future. Due to the favorable nature of exporting in Tasmania, many organizations have been successful in their business. The business performance of the sector has certainly increased compared to the performance recorded in the previous years. For example, the manufacturing sector in Tasmania consists of incredibly diverse series of business such as small, large and other range of subsector. Nevertheless, it is identified that manufacturing sector involvement indicates that advanced manufacturing remains as the small subset of total manufacturing sector. The total number of manufacturing business in 2013 was about 449 and in the period of 2014-2015, the sector presented nearly 7.5% of states Gross value added (Chavan 2012). The year 2016 presents almost 7.7% of employment (Thompson and Penm 2011). Furthermore, it is observed that there is a high extent of adaption within Tasmanian advan ced manufacturing sector. Several organizations have changed what they manufacture to respond to the dynamic market economic environment. Exporting capability of Tasmania The exporting capability of Tasmania remains high due to particular factors like climate advantages, brand advantage, sustainable water supply, diary and agriculture base, stable, flexible as well as innovative workforce. It has been identified that Tasmania has temperature maritime climate, which is prevailed by westerlies off Southern Ocean and provides regular rainfall and conditions that are usually free from extremes in temperature (Eversole 2013). Present situation comparing the years Evaluating the effectiveness of Tasmanias international marketing or positioning As Tasmania has effective and favorable environmental for exporting, the nation as a whole has strengthened its position in the global market in terms of exporting. The nation has a strong position in the global market due to the increasing number of nations that import from Tasmania. According to Australia Bureau of Statistics, China is the largest importer of Tasmania goods in 2017, which accounts for 24.4% of States overall nominal value of exports (Au-Yeung, Keys and Fischer 2012). Likewise, Hong Kong and China together acquire 29% of Tasmanian exports (Frawley and Howden 2016). However, it is also observed that nominal value of exports to China reduced by $182 million, which is nearly 18.5% compared to the percentage of previous years. Likewise, the exports to USA is also reduced by $47 million (Halpin et al. 2014). On the other side, exports to Taiwan, which is the third largest export destination ix reduced by 11.3%; this is because of the decreased exports of metallic ores as well as the metal scraps (Harrison 2015). On the other side, the exports to India increased by $40 million, which is nearly 48.2% because of the exports of non-ferrous metals, paper and paperboard. The export to another Asian nation Indonesia is increased by $37 million. Based on this performance, it can be mentioned that even though exports to Asian nations have been effective but Tasmania has lost the market share in some popular market like USA, Taiwan and some other European emerging markets. Analysis Conducting an evaluation of specific international markets that Tasmania has exported to According to Australian Bureau of Statistics, the nominal value of Tasmanias merchandise exports was around $2.853 billion (Chavan 2012). This certainly represents an increase of 12.3% compared to previous year when the value of exports was accounted to be around $2.524 billion (Thompson and Penm 2011). While focusing on USA, it has been identified that exports to United State has not been effective because the export value of ores and concentrates is widely determined by international commodity prices. The deduction in the value of dairy exports is primary driven by a largest supply of dairy products that are released into international market by different export nations throughout the last year. However, a large percentage of agriculture products are sent exported to USA. In fact, almost 41% of agriculture products were imported from Tasmania only. Reporting on networking and professional development undertaken by Government and private associations For the internal growth of the nation, government of Tasmania has developed trade mission to some particular nations. This strategic trade mission certainly boosts the growth of the nation and this enlarges trade networking. For example, the trade mission to India, Indonesia, Sri-Lanka and Singapore could increase the export opportunities for Tasmania with some world largest and fastest growing economies (Bishop and Chung 2015). As the focus and purpose of trade mission, energy, tourism as well as the hospitality sector will be considered. Moreover, the purpose of the trade mission is to create new opportunities for Tasmania in worlds developing economies. Highlighting the trade mission As the scope of exports in Tasmania is larger than any other global nations, several South Asian nations rely on the goods exported by Tasmania. It has been observed that trade mission of Tasmanias government has been an overwhelming success and the initiative provided some significant opportunities for Tasmania in the field of manufacturing, education and skills renewable energy development, tourism and fishery management. The government of Tasmania recently has signed a tripartite agreement between UTAS, Lembage Pengeelola Dana Penddikan and University Gadjah Mada that provides funding for Indonesian students to pursue nursing programs to the University of Tasmania (Bishop and Chung 2015) Conclusion In conclusion, it can be mentioned that Tasmania in coming future will observe significant business opportunities as the emerging and large market China is largely depended on Tasmanias goods. In addition to this, even though the profits from the seventh largest export market USA has not been effective, many Asian nations have started importing goods from Tasmania. Recommendation Technological development- According to the data provided by Australian Bureau of Statistics, the manufacturing industry in Tasmania deals with the challenge from the overseas competitors. Thus, the nation needs to pay attention to the adoption of new technology to retain the markets. Collaboration- To deal with the competitiveness, the nation could rely on the collaboration. The practice of sharing resource and gaining knowledge of what resource can be used in partnering new developments could help to build the sector as a whole. References and Bibliography Au-Yeung, W., Keys, A. and Fischer, P., 2012. Australia-China: not just 40 years. Economic Round-up, (4), p.7. Barrett, D., 2011. Diary.Australian Commodities: Forecasts and Issues,18(1), p.83. Bishop, A. and Chung, K., 2015. Export to Asia and the world-a forum TAS div.Agricultural Science,27(2), p.12. Chavan, M., 2012. The Global financial crisis and Australias international trade position. Day, C., 2011. China's Fiscal Stimulus and the Recession Australia Never Had: is a growth slowdown now inevitable?.Agenda: A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform, pp.23-34. Duncan, A. and Leong, K., 2015. Tiger, Tiger, Burning Bright? WAs trade and economic development with Asia. Eversole, R., 2013. Social enterprises as local development actors: Insights from Tasmania.Local Economy,28(6), pp.567-579. Frawley, N. and Howden, M., 2016. Economic overview.Agricultural Commodities,6(3), p.4. Halpin, J.A., Jensen, T., McGoldrick, P., Meffre, S., Berry, R.F., Everard, J.L., Calver, C.R., Thompson, J., Goemann, K. and Whittaker, J.M., 2014. Authigenic monazite and detrital zircon dating from the Proterozoic Rocky Cape Group, Tasmania: Links to the Belt-Purcell Supergroup, North America.Precambrian Research,250, pp.50-67. Harrison, M., 2015. Taiwan forgotten in Australias rush of successes on free trade agreements. Thompson, N. and Penm, J., 2011. Economic overview.Australian Commodities: Forecasts and Issues,18(1), p.5. Zhang, Y., 2015. International arrivals to Australia: Determinants and the role of air transport policy.Journal of Air Transport Management,44, pp.21-24.